Memory Development Function and Dysfunction

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Introduction
A Flashbulb memory can be defined as a vivid and detailed memory about a significant autobiographical or historical event that occurs once and is retained over the course of life. On the other hand, event memory can be defined as the recalling of an event’s single occurrence through a mental construction process. The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate Hirst et al’s research claim on both event and flashbulb memories. According to Hirst et al’s research findings, both event and flashbulb memories are affected by individual cognitive processes as well as a community’s memory practices. The evaluation process will entail comparing Hirst’s stated research findings with the relative psychology literature on factors affecting both event and flashbulb memories. The structure of this research paper will contain an introduction followed by the main body then a final conclusion.
Hirst et al’s Research Findings Evaluation
According to Hirst et al, factors involved in event memory formation overlaps those involved in flashbulb memory. As a result of the above, flashbulb memory follows patterns similar to autobiographical memories. With respect to forgetting, Hirst et al. state that the rate of forgetting in both flashbulb and event memories was similar. Within the first three years, an individual tends to forget tends to forget things at a faster rate after which the rate slows down. According to Bahrick and Wittlinger (1975), individual flashbulb and event memories distortions due to forgetting tends to take place at 20% within the first three years. After the first three years, the rate of distortions as a result of forgetting slows down to between 5% and 10% thereafter. Hirst et al. research also further state that emotions associated with events are easily forgotten over the long term in comparison to the either the flashbulb or event memories. According to Levine et al. (2006), emotional reaction memories are quickly forgotten than other aspects of both flashbulb and event memories.
Hirst et al. further states that a community’s memory practices preserve its past both intentionally and unintentionally. These Practices are in the form of media attention, ensuing conversations and social mandates. Hirst et al. provide the example of the 9/11 attack in the US whereby continued media attention during commemorations increases the both the flashbulb and event memory confidence. Other forms of community memory practices come in the form of social mandates for instance when meeting a bereaved friend, colleague or acquaintances. Societal obligations require mandatory recognition of the loss as a result of loss which results in continued conversations thus facilitating flashbulb memories. Gillis (1994), states that commemorations and memorials are examples of societal memory practices. This is because the commemorations lead to mass media coverage and continued discussions resulting in flashbulb and event confidence.
Conclusion
Evaluation of Hirst et al.’s research findings was by comparing their findings with other relative research findings in the psychology discipline. Through an analysis of both Hirst et al. and other relevant literature materials, it is evident that Hirst et al.’s research findings were consistent with relevant literatures in psychology. It is therefore correct to say that event and flashbulb memories are affected by individual cognitive processes as well as a community’s memory practices. Relevant psychological literature states that that cognitive processes such as working memory, comprehension, knowledge and computation affects how we store both flashbulb and event memories. The same literature further states that through a community’s memory practices, flashbulbs and event memories are reinforced which increases the flashbulbs and event memories confidence.  It is therefore evident that Hirst et al.’s research findings are correct since they are related to relevant psychological literature.

Reference List
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O., & Wittlinger, R. P. (1975). Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 54-75.
Gillis, J. R. (1994). Commemorations: The politics of national identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hirst, W., Manier, D. & Echterhoff, G. (2008). Creating shared memories in conversation: Towards a psychology of collective memory. Social Research,
75, 1071–1108.
Levine, L. J., Safer, M. A., & Lench, H. C. (2006). Remembering and misremembering emotions. In L. J. Sanna & E. C. Chang (Eds.), Judgments of time: The interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (pp.271–290). New York: Oxford University Press.
GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Case Study on Tesco Limited

GET A SIMILAR ASSIGNMENT ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
When the proprietor of Tesco limited began selling groceries in a stall in North London 1919, no one including himself would have thought that this would become of one the greatest success stories to be made. Tesco limited was incorporated by Jack Cohen, who invested some surplus funds amounting to £30. Currently, the firm market share is worth £13billion ($223 million) according to Yahoo Finance (Ycharts.com, 2016) making it one of the biggest retailers in the world. According to statista.com, Tesco limited is the leading grocer in terms of market share in Britain holding more than 28% of UK grocery market (Statista, 2016). Tesco limited has its operations as far as Malaysia and China, which is far from its country of origin having its presence in more than 11 countries (Tesco Plc., 2016). The company has invested in different kinds of industries from clothing markets, Insurance, banking and its main line of operation being supermarkets.
Tesco’s strategy
According to forbes.com, close to 70% of a company’s stakeholders fail to understand and interpret what the CEO and management of the company have planned at the beginning of every year (Forbes.com, 2016). 70% is a significant number that may affect a company’s performance if not properly checked. In company stakeholders, employees fall as one of the most important individuals. They play a critical role in company performance. According to a recent survey by a research group, close to 29% of employees were only able to identify clearly with the business’s strategy. With that in mind, the newly appointed CEO
With the increased competition globally, Tesco Plc. has not been left out of the matrix as witnessed by its operations in the 2015 financial year. The company has been experiencing tremendous pressure from the market, shareholders and internally but has struggled to keep its operations a fit. Tesco Plc. In line with the plan to revive the company to its former glory new appointments and elections were done. A new management team that comprises of a new Board Chairman, CEO, executive directors and non-executive directors was set in place. The company’s strategy outlined in the strategic report falls under three main themes that revolve on regaining competitiveness, protect financial position and rebuild trust.
Regaining competitiveness
Tesco Plc. Plans to increase much of the lost market share in its home market of UK that accounts close to two-thirds of its total sales. To improve these sales the company plans to improve its service platform to a whole new level. The firm has increased its customer attendants by 4652 that will ensure customer needs are attended to effectively. On the goods, the enterprise has increased the range of goods in its shelves and also categorized goods to enhance the process of locating products.
The company has reduced the prices of most of its products to make them affordable and attractive to its customers. It is expected to increase its sales and attract more consumers with the same move. The availability of goods has been improved by the company increasing the variety of products in the shelves to suit the needs and preferences of different customers. The firm has endeavored to enhance its profitability by closing the unprofitable stores worldwide.
Protecting and strengthening financial position
Tesco Plc. is planning to reduce the high gearing level brought by too much debt finance on its balance sheet. Relieving itself from high debt will free cash flows used in paying interest to creditors and also improve its financial outlook for potential investors. Many shareholders got a kick in the head after the company decided to thwart its efforts of paying the 2014-15 dividends in a bid to improve company cash flows.
GET A SIMILAR ASSIGNMENT ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Emotional Intelligence

 GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Part 1 (a) – Skill Development
Regulating my emotions was one skill I developed. After a close examination of my emotional intelligence survey results, I found myself weak in dealing with emotional conflict. More specifically, I would rather fester conflict than deal with it directly. I hate dealing with conflict that has negative impact on my emotions as a person. I would rather avoid than deal with it. However, if it was unavoidable, I would prefer to postpone. Thanks to my coach Molly Tang who helped me understand that sometimes we become strong and aware by dealing with conflict directly. The realization brought me to the reality that I perhaps needed to develop a schedule that would help me regulate my emotions as a person. My coach and friend helped me get through the schedule. 
Part 1 (b) – Schedule Review and Observed Changes
I undertook breathing exercises three times a week. At first, the sacrifice was daunting and I found myself on a very hard schedule. To adhere to the journal, I had to develop personal discipline and this comes with courage and confidence. After every breathing exercise, it came to my knowledge that I felt like I had taken a nap. It was refreshing and re-awakening. After sometimes, I adjusted the breathing exercise to five times a week as it become easier and more familiar. I was now happy that could carry out the exercise with ease and still manage to keep the journal. A close review of breathing reveals that it allowed me to develop self-discipline much needed to face conflict. What is more, the consistency I developed by following the schedule allowed me to become strong, a benefit to my fight towards conflict regulation.
Part 1 (c) - Components of EI Development
The three components of emotional intelligence are; practice behavior, journaling, coaching and breathing exercise. As a person facing a poor intelligence about emotions, the above activities helped me achieve success although they came with challenges. The first difficulty I faced in practice behavior was to overcome myself and accept I was weak in understanding and dealing with emotional conflict. The journaling activity had its difficulties too. I had to fill the blank spaces daily before I slept, this was challenging as it was difficult. It’s more like doing a small assignment on a daily basis. The breathing exercise, just as stated, was challenging at first. 
I found it difficult to contain myself and especially calming down in the first minutes. I also found it hard to cultivate concentration because the exercise was more like meditating. It required cleaning the head of all noises and opening the mind to the exercise. Finally, I did not find much difficulties in coaching. Molly Tang, my personal coach was a close friend who was ready to listen and extend empathy. Using her critical thinking, Molly would give informed decisions about my problems and I found her a very good coach. 
Although I had to persevere the schedule and activities as seen above, they luckily were a success in one way or the other. I have improved. The first success I encountered is the ability to make tough decisions and stand with them. During my part-time job at a restaurant, I found it difficult and disheartening to mix expired flour and good one as was the norm of the restaurant. Deep inside, I sympathized with customers who were unknowingly consuming sub-standard food courtesy of the hotel’s unethical practices. Although young, I faced the manager about it and quit the job. I couldn’t stand this. It is evident that the exercise had helped me make decisions and follow them to core. Even today, I believe this is one greatest strengths within my possession.
Another success I leveraged from the exercises was that of sitting down for long hours of study. Previously, I could not stand a thirty minutes study time. I felt tired and wanted to have some smoke or visit an entertainment website. However, after the exercise, I learnt to concentrate in studies. I knew that I wanted to score better grades and excel in my studies, therefore, long hours of study were indispensable. Through the mental exercises I had taken, I had developed the ability to listen to myself and open my mind to whatever I was doing. Apparently, I translated this to studies and it has been a success ever since.
Part 2 – Team Work, Relationships and Ethics
Team work, ethics and relationships were some of the things I cultivated. My time with Molly Tang was quite productive. I admired Molly’s boldness and her ability to lead and give informed judgments after a critical thought. My admiration for her and her boldness enabled me to understand that we are liked because of the strengths we possess. To some extent, this helped me develop teamwork and interpersonal relationships. I also developed a substantive sense of ethics.
My ability to notice the wrong at the restaurant and quit the job was courtesy of my sense of responsibility. Although it affected my job, and to some extent the sense of the people I was working with, it helped define my consciousness as a person. Interpersonal relationships are the foundation of ethics (Goleman, 2009). If we can compromise friendships and contracts for what is good and just, we can overcome ourselves. This is the beginning of a conscious and ethical self.
The entire journey demanded a lot of effort to change the person in me. It was challenge to recognize my weaknesses and work towards them. All the training and exercise I took was successful. It enabled me develop skills and experience much needed to overcome my weaknesses. Every time I faced a challenge, I often refer back to this experience. It is evident that with the right mind set, we can solve any challenge and move forward. It all zeroes down to discipline and self-sacrifice. 


References
Goleman, Daniel. Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than Iq. London: Bloomsbury, 2009. Print.
Goleman, Daniel. Working with Emotional Intelligence. , 2009. Internet resource.

 
    GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Essentials of Grounded Theory Summary

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Introduction
This chapter provides an introduction into the grounded theory research alongside an analysis of essential grounded theory methods. The grounded theory was discovered by Anselm Strauss and Barney Glaser in 1967. Subsequent researches have used Strauss and Glaser’s primary work as a framework for iterations.
Primary methods of grounded theory
Initial coding and categorization of data
Primary coding is key step in the process of conducting data analysis. The process identifies significant word groups in the data then labels them accordingly.
Concurrent data generation/collection
Concurrent data generation/collection is used in differentiating grounded theory research design from other research designs that require data collection and analysis/construction of a theoretical proposition to test the hypothesis. 
Writing memos
Memos are a researcher’s thinking during a grounded theory study process and aid in building a researcher’s intellectual research assets.
Theoretical sampling
 Theoretical sampling takes place when the researcher seeks to find out more about a category’s properties, conditions that a specific category may exist or relationships between categories.
Constant Comparative analysis
The process of concurrent data collection and analysis entails constant comparison between incidents, codes and categories.
Theoretical sensitivity
Theoretical sensitivity is in two forms. The first one entails personal insights and subject study while second one entails intellectual history and everyday use of absorbed literature. 
Intermediate coding
In intermediate coding, the researcher develops categories by linking the sub-categories then developing the categories’ properties and dimensions ranges then links the categories
Core category identification
Categories development through intermediate coding entails the selecting of a core category that wholly encapsulates and explains the grounded theory by the researcher.
Advanced coding and theoretical integration
Theoretical codes are derived from existing codes to aid in theoretical integration while adding explanatory power to the grounded theory’s final product by linking it to a theoretical body of knowledge. 

Work Cited
Birks, Melanie, and Jane Mills. Grounded theory: A practical guide. Sage publications, 2011.
GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Reflection Essay

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Questions
1. When you think of the accounting profession what comes to your mind?
2. What contextual factors do you think could influence the accounting profession?
3. Describe the people you expect to interact with as an accountant.
4. What role do you think you should play in contributing to your community as an accountant?
5. What might the clients and fellow employees expect of you as an accountant?
6. What skills do you think you should possess to be a successful accountant?
Answers
When I think of the accounting profession, some things come into my mind. These things have changed over time as I acquire new knowledge about the profession.  Before I attended the 1st seminar of ACCG, 315, I thought accounting was all about creating journal entries and ledgers, preparing the trial balance, balance sheet and profit and loss statement. I supposed it was just only maintaining huge files at the office, and there was a complexity of performing these functions. More so, there are some types of accounting such as management, taxation and auditory services.  But now I think accounting is a profession of working in terms and having one on one time with clients. The professionals spend mostly in front of the computers and networking. The forming client relationship is the largest part of the accounting profession. 
There are several contextual factors that influence the accounting profession. I  have had this mindset that the contextual factors include regulators such as the government accounting standard setting organs like the Financial Accounting Standards Board. After reading some articles, I found some more contextual factors such as globalization, technological innovation, and ethics. Those factors play a big role in influencing the accounting profession. 
In any profession, one expects to interact with various groups of people. as an accountant, I expect to be interacting with the people like employees and managers responsible for planning, leading, controlling employees to get the work done efficiently and effectively. I also expect to interact with stakeholders such as financiers, suppliers, and customers. Others include auditors, debt collectors, and I expect to spend some time with clients to conduct professional stuff.
An accountant plays various roles in contributing to the community. One of these roles is offering the relevant financial information to the users of the information to make proper decisions for my company. The information provided should be faithful, accurate, timely and understandable. Another role is to maintain a healthy relationship with the managers and customers. Another key role will be to safeguard the integrity of financial reporting. There are various issues surrounding financial reporting that include malpractices by accountants. Avoiding these malpractices will improve the integrity of financial reporting to ensure that the various users of the accounting information get the correct reports that will ensure proper decision making. The government is often the greatest victim of accounting malpractices by professionals who intend to evade taxes. I will be assisting with the corporate strategy to provide advice and help business to reduce costs. Accounting, according to academicians, has a significant role of imparting knowledge, skills and ethical foundations of the profession to the next generation.
There are several things expected of me by Clients and fellow employees. First, they expect me to act ethically and honestly with full dedication of the company. The employees expect me to maximize the quality of work life and employee satisfaction. Secondly, fellow employees expect me to establish and maintain proper working relationships with them by creating an environment of trust and understanding, as well as one that supports teamwork among the employees. Third, they expect me to uphold the values and norms of the workplace as displayed by both formal and informal groups within the workplace. As an accountant, clients would expect me to display competence enhanced by particulars skills such as decision-making, communication skills, leadership, interpersonal, technical, and time management skills. The clients also expect me to respond to their issues as quick as possible and to display a high degree of flexibility. More, they expect me to deal with them honestly.
As a successful accountant, I must have skills such as leadership skills, which include strategic thinking and long-term planning goals of the company. Proper communication skills are necessary when handling the customers. The other skill is adaptability, necessary because the accounting industry is highly dynamic, so there is a need to adapt quickly and easily. Time management enables an accountant to have work done in time. Finally, among the most important skills is computer skills because today, virtually all accountancy work involves working with some general and specialized computer programs. I believe that the accountants must have some "soft skills" and "technical skills" to achieve their career goals.
GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Healing Touch

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Healing Touch is the application of massage to clear, stimulate and align ones energy biofields by another person. The Healing Touch Module aims to give a deeper explanation of the therapy, its origin and goals in the medical arena. It also seeks to explain why the therapy is important for health practitioners, how the technique is believed to work among patients, exploration of previous research on the technique and fundamental processes of Healing Touch sessions. The journal article by Anderson and Taylor “Effects of Healing Touch in medical practice” is a systematic review of randomized clinical trials evaluation aiming to establish the efficacy of Healing Touch as a supportive care technique for all medical conditions (Anderson and Taylor, 2011).
The facts behind the application of Healing Touch is the idea that human beings are made of energy field whose alignment determines a person’s wellness. For people with poor energy field alignment, the disharmony can cause pathological physical and psychological problems. The module supports this idea by applying theories of ancient medicine to explain a modern medical fact. It uses feedback from patients undergoing the therapy to justify the application of Healing Touch in medical purpose. Combining the result of the systematic review, it is evident that Healing Touch lessons covered in the medical contribute positively to the objective (Anderson and Taylor, 2011). Many research on how energy fields work are found in theoretical physics journals, however, while the exact system of how the same apply in human beings have not been definitively described at the moment, the cumulated positive feedback and relational studies of biofields and consciousness indicate that something positive is happening and recipients show positive response to therapies such as Healing Touch (Opatrny, 2002). The module and article helps learners to appreciate this facts and explore into the application of Healing Touch as medical therapy to a wide range of problems
Healing Touch have been applied medical for many years without proper comprehension of the theories and principles behind it. Today’s nurses are partially trained on the use medical massage to relieve pain, however, the basics behind such methods are not clearly understood to them. The module and the research article hive deeper comprehension of how Healing Touch works. It improves from the biological perception of how Healing Touch improves body response to fatigue to the idea of quantum physics as related to body energy field (Anderson and Taylor, 2011). Since scientific study on biofield mechanisms and efficacy are limited, the module and improves the nurses knowing of the theories so that they can apply to older persons needing such treatments. As explained by Elizabeth Barrett’s theory of power, knowing participation is being aware of what one prefers to do, choosing to do it freely and doing it with intention. She defined power to be a way that people participate in defining potential towards wellbeing practices, power in this case is falls within the four dimensions of awareness, choices, freedom and participation in developing change (Barrett, 2009). By this theory, nurses must be equipped with knowledge and awareness of the potentials of Healing Touch, besides being aware of the benefits, it is important that they have the freedom to apply such techniques to older persons and apply it intentionally. Only then can they apply Healing Touch clinically to older people. The module and the article presents cases of patients of varied age groups receiving Healing Touch therapy, it gives evidence of response from the older ages as positive to the treatment. With such awareness and training, nurses are better placed to offer such services (Sullivan, 2001). The module and the article gives critical information on the different technique of applying Healing Touch, to different parts of the body and expected response.
It has been identified the population is currently aging at an earlier age compared to previous years. However, more people in their old ages prefers to stay at home doing regular fitness routines to stay healthy. Others have resorted to community care homes. Nevertheless, this group of need Healing Touch the most, their bodies are more fragile to strenuous activities making such therapeutic services to be one of the best options of staying healthy (Barrett, 2009). In the nursing professions, nurses must conduct themselves with inbuilt knowledge of what they believe is right for the situation, they offer care and compassion to develop a supportive and helping relationship with the patients (Opatrny, 2002). The acts are demonstration of aesthetic knowledge aligned with nursing. The profession of nursing exemplify the patterns of knowing as described by Barbara Carper. She observe that knowing is cognitive process that can occur in four patters; empirical, ethical, personal knowing and aesthetic. Empirical knowing is derived from detailed factual analysis, ethical knowledge comes from the nurse morals while personal knowing is arises from the nurse’s understanding of the patient. Aesthetic knowing is basically a reflection of how the nurse sees the patient and his needs. Studies have revealed variations in perception, understanding and expectations among the older people and between their caregivers on the impact of Healing Touch (Carper, 1978).
Older people see such clinical care in relational terms, they prefer to participate in their care as well as forming bonds with the caregiver. While receiving such care, older people also prefers retaining their autonomy over the services, routines and home environment. However, some of this this expectation are not incorporated in earlier models of therapeutic care. On the whole, little consideration was given by the nurses on what the old seen as important. Nurses were more concerned on the routines than the real impact of care to older people. Studies affirm that some old people report negative results with care while other gained positive relationships. There is therefore a call for nurses to apply aesthetic knowing when giving Healing Touch therapy to older people (Sullivan 2011). The basics of the module and article gives important information on the feedback of older people, this is particularly important for the improvement of the Healing Touch Models and experience in giving care. According to Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association, the gerontological nurses are expected to be responsive to patients’, identification of the problem, age based diagnosis and delivery of care services such as Healing Touch, which helps the patients recover from physiological illnesses (CGNA, 2010). In optimizing their care, they are required by standard to promote older people to optimal body functions through integrated abilities including physical, cognitive and psychological status.

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
References
Anderson, J., & Taylor, A. (2011). Effects of Healing Touch in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Journal Of Holistic Nursing, 29(3), 221-228.
Barrett, E. (2009). Power as Knowing Participation in Change: What's New and What's Next. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(1), 47-54.
Carper, B. (1978). Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing. Advances In Nursing Science, 1(1), 13-24.
Opatrny, L. (2002). The Healing Touch. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 137(12), 1003.
Sullivan, J. (2001). Hand therapy: The Healing Touch with a Touch of humor!. Journal Of Hand Therapy, 14(1), 3-9.

Nursing Leadership-Self Assessment

  GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
  In this present day, nursing leadership has proved to have more value than ever.. Examining my effectiveness as an effective nursing Leader surrounds all my leadership values, believes, actions and practice based on either social life, personal organization, teamwork in ensuring effectiveness and success. This paper seeks to explore nursing leadership by self-examining my leadership skills as an assessment of my leadership skills with regards to the nursing profession.
            As an effective, nursing leader, I seek to possess an inner compass that directs all my value actions in focus to positively influence the people around me or within my nursing team as a focus towards productivity in my nursing profession.
Section 1; Nursing Leadership values and beliefs
               I am a great enthusiast and also possess a great passion for my nursing profession. This interest in Nursing is my guiding compass onto embracing effective values and practices that shall guarantee my efficiency in serving the global society. I ultimately believe that the nursing profession is a God-given field of care and once one enters into the profession, he/she is in for the overhaul to meet the societal healthcare needs. With this belief, I have chosen to set my nursing practice behaviors in control to ensure utmost efficiency in organizing my nursing practices. Integrity and trustworthy are my primary priority whenever I engage in any nursing practice I always involve the patients in the nursing practices by sharing honest insights on the practices to ensure winning their trust for my practice. Effective leaders are ought to possess great quality of integrity to assure the core stakeholders of the healthcare sectors on productivity.
            I am a positive believer as I always assure my team members that everything is possible that has worked in many instances where I have been able to convince other team members to embracing positivity and refrain from being negative of the unseen outcome. Also, I respect and value the perspectives of other people thus allow all my team members to undertake their practices at their will and view as long as productivity shall be met. With this, I have adopted leadership by being a change agent and accepting responsibilities that entail being accountable for any nursing practices I undertake either individually or as a group.
Section 2; Leadership Knowledge and skills
             I am a person of missions and visions in my nursing profession hence in the spirit of instilling a wholly nursing productivity; I can share my vision with others in a bid to ensure meeting the common goal.  I am also a great enthusiast of becoming an inspiration to others through success hence has enabled me to inspire my team members onto following a constructive path. This being succinctly agrees with the McClelland’s theory that describes the three motivational needs of employees whereby the behavior portrays the need for achievements and power.
            I can effectively manage conflicts as I greatly believe in peace and good relations with being a core requirement for ensuring efficiency in service delivery.  I have often emphasized on elusion from conflicts and also often engage in the provision of resolutions to conflicts, ability has often given me an added advantage and more competent in undertaking my nursing practices. The working competencies of conflict resolution are relevant and also evident as emphasized by Gaudine and Lamb (2014 p. 297). I can enhance collaboration and cooperation amongst my team members, an effort, and skill solely built from my emphasis on the sense of community and collaboration in the nursing profession.. This ability has enabled me to build up an effective coalition around the nursing practices that have allowed multiple successes in finding solutions to the societal problems.
              Weaknesses
             First, I have a difficulty in the balance between my personal life and work life. I need to put more effort on balancing out my efforts between the professional life and the personal life of which I intend to achieve this by seeking ultimate mentorship from more experienced parties and also by establishing a succinct plan to carry effectively out both my personal and work life.   Besides, I also find it hard to solve the problems that I find less interest in regardless of my role in the problem solution; a weakness that has greatly compromised my efficiency in my nursing profession. I plan engage in more problem-solving practices of which I can use my extensive skills in researching to gain more knowledge on how I can effectively handle problems. Decision-making models such as the rational decision making model and the innovative decision making model may come in handy in learning proper means of providing solutions.
            In conclusion, I have undertaken an intensive self-assessment on my nursing leadership. My ability to communicate effectively inspires, motivate, solve conflicts, practical values, and beliefs gives me the ultimate character of an efficient nursing leader. However lacking the ability to control and solve problems outside my interests stand out as my primary weaknesses. Through a plan seeking to research more, seek mentorship and engage in problem-solving practices, I ought to improve my effectiveness as a nursing leader.

References
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2013). Reframing Organizations - Artistry, Choice and Leadership (5 ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. doi:978-1-448-55738-9
Gaudine, A., & Lamb, M. (2014). Nursing Leadershi pand Management:Working in Canadian Healthcare Organizations. Toronto: Pearson.
Perry, E. (2009). Creating a school for David: A principal’s narrative. Journal of School Leadership, 10(3), 76-98.
Price, A. (2011). Human Resource Management (5 ed.). New York: Cengage Learning.
Sugerman, J. (2012). The 8 Dimensions of Leadership: DiSC Strategies for Becoming a Better Leader. United States: Berrett Koehler Publishers.
  GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Media Bias/Bias of Journalists

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Name:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:
Media bias, often referred to as perceived bias of journalists, implies the biased behavior of the journalists and the news producers in selecting stories and events to report. McQuail (1992) has offered a typology of media bias comprising of a cross-classification of open and hidden, and intended and unintended. In this essay, hidden-intended bias (propaganda) and hidden-unintended (ideology) will be the focus. In television, an example of propaganda is the BP Gulf Coast Update, an effort by BP to clean its name by reporting that all was well when it was not. In the combination of print and web, an example of ideology is the socialism, a political issue discussed in magazines and the web about a certain group of people becoming socialists.
The 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was one of the world's greatest disasters, and its impacts were adverse both to the people and to the environment. The oil spill was related to the British Oil that took to the televisions to "keep the people updated on the matter." The corporation produced and broadcasted numerous television commercials that tried to communicate its concerns to the people of America (Motel, 2015). Why is this propaganda, that is, hidden and intended bias? The reason is that the communication was done intentionally most likely with the help of the public relations people from the company. It is the company that decided to inform the people of the situation may be with the aim of calming them down. It was hidden in the sense that not everything was revealed to the people who would have otherwise used the facts to judge for themselves (Peters, 2010). On the contrary, the televisions gave only the news that the people would have liked very much to hear. According to McQuail, propaganda is defined as a hidden and intended bias often difficult to deal with primarily because the intention is hidden. He also posits that it occurs in the form of objective news often supplied to mass media by various groups of people including spokes persons, interest groups, pressure groups, and public relations people. In the case of the BP oil spill, the information was supplied to the televisions by the sources from the company. It is also hidden since even after a year after the incident and continuous assurances that all was well things did not really appear to be well because most of the facts remained unrevealed.
Ideology, according to McQuail (1992), is a hidden and unintended bias, often embedded in texts. Ideologies often stem from the values of the newsmakers themselves. In the web and the print media, the notion of ideology has appeared several instances to depict some people seen to be advocating socialism. In The New York Times, several of the reporters in the politics columns have been referring to some politicians as having socialist inclinations, even though the politicians themselves do not acknowledge to be socialites (Moats, 2016). The notions of this socialism appear in the texts in these print and web media and are indeed the evaluations of the journalists themselves. They are the ones who classify these people as socialites (Martin, 2016). Bernie Sanders is one such candidate associated with socialism. This is both hidden and unintended because it is only appearing in texts and can be seen as stemming from the values of the journalists themselves. Their notion is not intended in the sense these newsmakers have appeared to be neutral and making independent observations.
I would argue that the above deviations contain some typical features of one of the three media systems as advocated by Hallin and Mancini (2004). On the issue of the BP oil spill propaganda, there are the features of a typical liberal model. This model is identified by an early development of commercial press of mass circulation and a medium newspaper circulation. The commercial press ought to be neutral, although this feature seems to be missing in the description given of the situation. This is because the TV ads were not neutral. There is also non-institutionalized self-regulation and no or little government intervention. In other words, the news broadcasts are almost purely market dominated, and this is what has given the BP TV commercials the incentive for biases.
For the second incidence, the liberal model still manifests itself, especially on the neutrality issues and strong professionalization. Even though there exist print media- that is, newspaper, their circulation is medium owing to the fact that most of the newspaper entities do have online publications. In other words, many people tend to access the news from the online publications and few get them in print. This also explains why I classified the second issue as both print and web.
There are various ways of obtaining valid and reliable measures of the above deviations. My strategy would be to conduct research to establish the validity and reliability, and garner more facts about the situation to establish what is reliable and valid (Wimmer & Dominick, 2009). There are several research tools for use including surveys, content analysis, and experiments. However, the tool I would use is surveys and content analysis. In the case of the propaganda, content analysis will reveal what is given and what is not given. Reporting that all is well and that everything is under control is not enough content to give. Content analysis will seek details that are missing. Surveys may be partially used in this case, and they can be used to gather opinions from other people and experts about whether or not they believe the information to be reliable and valid. For the ideology, content analysis will help make judgments about the correctness of the notions of socialism from the various writers. It would help to judge the correctness of the usage of the term socialism. Survey is also a useful tool as it can be used gather opinions from the readers to see if they agree with the ideology or not, and also to determine the validity and reliability of the ideology.
The limitations of the content analysis are that it may not reveal anything, and it requires a person who is well knowledgeable of the situation who can be quick to note the missing details. Content analysis may also contain traces personal judgments. The surveys also have some limitations, the key being the fact that only a few people will give their opinions (Wimmer & Dominick, 2009). The few people are then expected to represent everyone, and in this case, errors are prone to appear. It also may consume resources including time and money.
In conclusion, the issue of the BP oil spill was a propaganda because the TV ads were the effort of the company through its spokespersons and PR personnel. A lot of facts were hidden, and the situation on the ground was different from what was aired through these TV commercials. The idea of socialism is an ideology because of the unintended and hidden nature.

Thinking about Change in Popular Music

 GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

Introduction
    Popular music, simply referred to as pop music, is one of the most fascinating music genres of any generation. Human beings have come to like music as the preferred mode of entertainment since time immemorial, stretching as far back as the Neanderthal times all the way to the medieval times. However, the gradual changes and enhancements that have taken place in man's society have had an impact on the choice of music to which people like to listen. The changes in society have been translated and reflected in the changes in the popular music as well, with the constant variations in musical notations being passed down to successive generations over the years (Shuker, 2012). This essay will take a detailed look at the various changes that have taken place in popular music for it to evolve to the genre we know in the contemporary era.
Discussion
    One of the most conspicuous changes in popular music is that the modern form of the genre tends to be full of energy unlike before. Ever since the advent of rock and roll, there has been a higher tempo and energetic feel about popular music and the modern form is more dance-able due to invigorating beats (Longhurst, 2009). The upscale in the energy contained in popular music can be attributed to computer-generated beats in music production. The other conspicuous change in popular music is that it has become less and less organic. This is due to the mechanized nature of popular music nowadays unlike previously where there were fewer instruments to compose and produce music. Artistes of today are spoilt for choice when it comes to the music instruments that they can use ranging from sophisticated music software to electronic keyboards and drum machines.
    The advance in technology has rendered a significantly accurate beat to popular music than ever before. There is a notable consistency in popular music beats due to enhanced machines like click tracks and mechanized drums. This is in stark contrast to when the music tempo used to drift within a song when drummers had to manually play their instruments. The interjections and musical notes are well arranged and improved to give the beat a consistent and accurate rhythm. Elsewhere, popular music used to be a bit bouncy with every notation like in reggae or techno music. However, this has changed drastically as the modern day rock music, including black metal, has become less bouncy due to the contemporary audience that opts for smoother music with fluidity in its sound. This may also be due to the systematic arrangement of today's popular music.
    The progress in time has taken its toll in popular music because the genre as we know it today has become less acoustic. Ethnomusicologists concur that even music veterans from before like Bob Dylan preferred using the electronic guitar in favor of other acoustic instruments. There are a myriad of musical instruments and electronics that required to be powered by electricity, thus rendering the sound of contemporary popular music less acoustic. Another conspicuous alteration in popular music unlike in yesteryears is the fact that it has become much louder, but not necessarily noisy. This may be as a result of a vibrant generation of people who are energetic and they want to enjoy music in a manner that makes their presence hard to ignore. Audio tracks of popular music nowadays blaze through the speakers regardless of the volume of the audio. 
    Lastly, and perhaps more appropriately, is that popular music has become way too fast since most of the music produced and released is at a higher tempo unlike before. This is a synonymous aspect of the modern world where everything, from cars to trains to information, are way faster than ever before. It remains a fitting gesture that the contemporary popular music embraces this rise in tempo to resonate with the changing times, where most of the things move at a faster pace. In addition, the fast tempo augurs well with the energetic nature of the modern audience, as well as other aspects like loudness and accuracy in the beat synchronization. Overall, the fast pace only serves to bring out the aggregate quality of modern pop music.
Conclusion
    It goes without saying that popular music has had a rich history full of endless folklore, controversy, and anecdotes (Shuker, 2012). And like anything else under the sun, popular music has had to undergo various stages through various transformations over the years. The timbre and harmonic characteristics of this genre have changed a lot in terms of the aspects discussed above, including energy, beat accuracy, acoustics, tempo, and so on.  It is important to point out that these changes in pop music are as a result of conformity to the modern day audience and the constant advances in music making technology and instruments. The demand from the vibrant audience and the changing times have meant that popular music will not remain stagnant for long as it is bound to keep on changing even further.


ReferencesBottom of Form
Shuker, R. (2012). Understanding Popular Music Culture. Routledge.
Longhurst, B. (2009). Popular music and society. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

GOD SAID KNOCK IT OFF: BOOK REVIEW

GET A BOOK REVIEW ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Name:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
INTRODUCTION
God Said Knock It Off (The Lost Elephant King Book 1) was written by Maverick Monga. The book, more of an autobiography gives a life description of the author himself and some few people who he has ever interacted with in his lifetime and his service as a soldier. Unlike the authors of popular and bestselling books, there is not much that is known about this author, and all that we need to know about him can only be derived from this book. As it would appear, the author may not have written any other book, as all searches about him bore no fruits at all. As such, it can only be prudent to describe the author using the descriptions he has given himself in this book, and also from the readers' judgment as pertains to character, religion, parenthood, childhood, and school life.
The author's name is as stated above- that is, Maverick Monga, an American soldier who has served for several years and gone through a real tough life. He is born and brought up by a single mother, who was a daughter of a pastor. As such, he can be said to have been borne by a Christian family. His mother conceived him when she was only seventeen years, and this made her be kicked out from home by her father as such an action only brought shame to the family. This could also be interpreted as the cause of the author's tough life ahead.
As for now, it would be difficult to define the religion of the author because he has bluntly denied Christianity by blaming religion for the problems that people often go through. For a Christian, it would be difficult to make such arguments. The author has not hinted about what religion he believed in and, therefore, we can go ahead and claim that he follows no religion. He defies Christianity, but does not say what his religion was. In general, he argues that religion was not good for reasons such as religion only suppresses the problem, but does not get rid of the problem. He does not believe in God, and he has indicated in his book that
"God is whomever you wish them, he, or it to be. God is whichever memory you keep in your mind to warm you in the cold, comfort you in the dark, speak lovingly to you when all is silent. God is the voice within you that only you can comprehend, that listens to the most basic hum that resonates from your true natures core" (Kindle Location 49-51).
As for his career and/or occupation, the author is a soldier and from his stories, we can tell that it ‘pissed him off' to be a soldier and leading a life that was so difficult and with too many challenges and so many convictions to give up. In as much as he considered himself a real soldier, little does it seem like he is proud of that. There is so much he seems to dislike about this career, including the nicknames that seemed fun, even to his superiors who could not hesitate to call him such. ‘Shit pepper' was his nickname.
The book's thesis is also hard to define since his book suggests so many things that seem to defy life principles, norms, and customs, even science. However, as can be deduced from the book's preface, he wonders if a society can survive without emotions. It would be expected that his book would try to illustrate either why emotions are indeed useful or illustrate the contrary-that is, why we do not need emotions. After this notion, the rest of the book sections proceed to give an overview of his life as a soldier. He has indicated the tortures of life that he has gone through as a soldier and maybe this is why he does not see why we need emotions. From part two of the book onwards, the author has provided a collection of emails, letters, and faxes among other such documents that tend to describe his life and the lives of some other people.
He is inspired by a book he had read- Hope, and he admits that this boom left the most impression on him. He reads of a society that has eliminated both pain and strife, and also eradicated the emotional depth from their lives. After meeting ‘love', the boy does not mind to break any rule and indeed proceeded to do so. He (the boy) has discovered the power of knowledge, after which he finds himself in a dilemma- whether to stay with the community where he would be safe, or to run away and pursue a life full of love, choices, differences, and knowledge, but potentially dangerous one. How could our world be if there were no emotions? He will not stop fantasizing about this, and as he narrates his story as a soldier, it largely appears that his line of thought was instigated by the motley of things that have seemingly deprived him of his emotions.
To believe, and trying to make us believe that emotions, or emotionality, is the root cause of problems would be wrong. The author may have suffered emotionally, but still that does not wash away the need for emotionality. In this review, my thesis will be that despite the suffering we go through, we cannot blame emotionality, and the author in his book fails to satisfactorily show us why we do not need emotions, nor does his tough life. This review will be a journey through his story picking the bits of information about his life and its tortures. Even though the author really encourages us not to read his work as it is entirely ‘bullshit' this review will consider all the aspects of his hard life experiences and what they teach us. We will be trying to establish if indeed his challenges can indeed justify the fact that we do not need emotions and whether his own problems in life were the result of emotions because to him, emotions are the cause of the incidence prevalence of problems that people have.
Apart from the introduction given above, this review will be comprised of two main sections that will form the bulk of our analysis. The section that precedes this introduction is a brief summary of his book. In this summary, various aspects and themes will be considered and how they contribute to the thesis stated above. The bulk of this paper will be the analysis section, where a critical analysis of the authors' work will feature. In the analysis, several things will be put under discussion, including the targeted audience, the message, contribution and/or deviation from current thinking, and the usefulness of the book. His reasoning will be compared with the reasoning of other people to see if his reasoning makes any impact or just a vague opinion.
GET A BOOK REVIEW ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
SUMMARY OF THE BOOK
The book contains seven parts, and each part has a story or stories to tell. However, the vital information given by the author about his experiences as a soldier is found in the part one. Beginning with the foreword, the author recalls the longest distance that he has ever walked. Before he joined the military, he has never given a thought about such things. He recalls that he had once walked the entire day from morning to evening (sunrise to sunset), but all he could recall was only the pain that he had to endure as time passed by and as he walked further and further. ‘Rangers lead the way' is the subtitle of this foreword where he describes all this. He describes the pain that he experienced that began from the soles of his feet, up to the ankles and until the entire body felt numb, a numbness that fueled him despite being excruciating. Then the ‘hell week' begins, the second phase of becoming a ranger.
The ‘hell week' was a whole week of sleepless nights characterized by constant barrages of heckling and insults that came from the cadre. He describes cadre as ‘who didn't think you belonged and it was up to you to prove them wrong.' There was mental torture-resistance training which he humorously described as ‘which comically you can receive by actually being tortured.' He remembers that night when the soldiers are sent out into the night to find some located points, the cadre hunting them. He gives further details of the walking: it begins at 3 am where they are formed into two lines. The road was hard given the combat boots they wore, and the heavy sacks they carried slowed down their progress. Their uniforms caused a buildup of heat in their bodies, even when the morning air was cool. The experience is expected to get worse when there was a buildup of sweat. It is such times, he says, that one felt that everything thought as beneficial now turns against him. The foreword goes ahead to describe further experiences of the walk as the sun rises where everything seems like a test.
And what really kept them moving? The rain vehicle, he says, followed behind the formation of recruits, and this was a constant reminder that failure followed closely, and it would catch up if given an opportunity. The van was a safety measure and a marker that showed the minimum required to succeed. For the author, witnessing the shortcomings of another soldier were enough a motivation. More of these experiences are described in part one of the book.
     Part one also describes the infantry often regarded as the ‘Queen of the battle.' In chess, the queen is indeed the most versatile piece, and he compares this with the infantry where he describes it as the most versatile force in the battle field. ‘Everything, and anything' is done by the infantry and it is indeed the ‘most dangerous' force who could drop bombs on target areas and kill a bunch of people. It is here that he describes war as ‘selective' and ‘controlled' violence applied ‘precisely' where it is needed. He referred to himself and the entire infantry as special and a necessary unparalleled destruction force to be reckoned with.
He describes his captain, James Belvedere, who was 30 years of age as relatively younger that the normal choice- that is, as far as the commanders go. According to the author, the captain was a scrawny and geeky looking white kid and who was not necessarily what one would call an elite specimen. He lacked the physical prowess, but he excelled at motivational speaking. This could be put in quotes because what he calls ‘motivational speaking' is entirely ironical. The captain could actually tell a soldier that he has had sex with the soldier's wife, sister, and mother, yet he would be marching the soldier to his death, and the soldier would still be happy to go. Or maybe the captain was indeed motivational if the author really meant it. The captain was known for his habit of inserting a lesson with a pre-game speech. Despite his nature, the author and the rest of the ‘tards' loved their captain as their commander and were always ready to follow him.
The captain aside, the author goes on to describe his experiences in the battlefield. He explains how he tried to assess the level of difficulty between missions. The precise mission that he describes in this part of the book was their designation as peacekeepers. He blames the drill sergeants for skipping the bit of ‘interacting with ‘motherfuckers' that probably meant interacting with the people. On that particular mission, he suggests that something must have been terribly wrong because they got no welcome party at the meeting point. The meeting point, he describes, was an old building ‘in the middle of nowhere' in a place that seemed to have been part of a town. From here, they could see scattered small towns. He then described a rocket attack that hit the right side of the building. There is one character that the author describes here and other places, Belvy, one seemingly fearful person. In times of chaos like this, he would be heard shouting orders meant to keep the soldiers safe. He always kept the soldiers safe, and this time, he had indeed excelled at keeping them safe once again. He, however, was not as successful in other platoons as he had lost some soldiers.
After the explosion, there were sounds of gun shots all around and the author seemed to have been lost in thoughts. He, however, could see Belvy shouting to him to get behind the truck which he did. Even before he could assure Belvy that he was safe, he met his eyes looking in his direction, and he needed not be told that Belvy just got shot. He found himself rushing towards Belvy not caring about the bullets. How could he be thinking about Brittany Spears only to see his leader get shot? He was still thinking of Brittany Spears and saving Belvy. His injuries could not be saved by his first aid training, Belvy was gone. For many days, the thought of Belvy's death crossed his mind.
Often, when soldiers are leaving for a deployment, their families and friends come to see them off, but he had no one to do so. He had only his mother who could not make it. The soldiers, he says, could not control their emotions, especially because of the thought that it could be the last time they are seeing their people. It is at one of these deployments that he tells us about his mother, how she got pregnant at seventeen and after which she was kicked out by his grandfather. Though her mother worked hard to provide food, shelter and clothing, there was not in life for him. As he states, they skipped all the unnecessary emotional moments. He recalls how he would tell people when asked that his father was God. People would then start explaining how God was not his biological father. There is so much in this part of the book that explains about the life of the author.
He has interacted with people who he did not know how to handle, or, at least, he wondered how they made to becoming soldiers. Of these is Jackson, a small Asian guy who was brought up by an African-American family. It seems funny to the author seeing an Asian guy with the accent of an African-American. Jackson was one person that talked too much, and not the best person to accompany anyone on a guard. The author rarely listened to his stories, especially when it came to the issue of race. It seems Jackson hated the white race and talked ill of them until the author literary reminded him that he was among those whom he was talking ill about. He was given nicknames that he liked the least, and wondered why everyone fancied calling him by those nicknames, including his captain.
His stories are all about battle and the battlefield and from time to time he would display different feeling towards certain missions, people, soldiers, and even himself. His emotions are changing, as his judgments about emotions are. His last conviction is that a person lives only once, and despite what everyone else would argue, it remained that way. As such, the ‘supernatural being' should be eliminated with immediate effect.
As mentioned earlier, the parts that follow are a collection of letters, emails, faxes, and telegrams placed in the book at random most probably taking us through all the things that the author has come by. In the second part, however, he narrates an experience and suffering that he underwent at the hands of other soldiers. This part begins by indicating that Heaven was really not a nice place, may be because there were restrictions and thus no freedom. Here he expresses himself as a person who has come to realize how everyone gives no consideration about anyone. He says that he was done trying to be honest, cordial, respectful, or a gentleman. Why? He gets nowhere, he gets nothing in the end, he remains poor, angry, miserable, and a depressed nice guy.
His experience was when he greeted some men he thought were in the same rank as him and who turned against him, beat him up, and then raped him using a gun. He woke up several hours later and all he thought of was revenge. He armed himself, but the guys were nowhere to be found. On the 9th of January 2013, the thought of killing himself crossed his mind. He wanted to kill the pain that his life has brought him. Indeed, we could understand how he felt since a soldier is someone who is hardened enough to endure pain. But the physical pain, as we understand, was not as much as the emotional pain that he underwent. It is likely that this was not the only thing that caused him pain that he got to the point of contemplating suicide; it must have been a collection of this and many other past experiences.
Part three begins with an imagination of the author. He imagines if one was to be given some money for investment, a lot of money that will take long to count. If one is given 30 days to grow that money as much as one can and no consuming the caffeinated beverage during that period. Assuming one is being watched and anytime something is done contrary to the agreement the program is terminated. So, this part calls for such a person to express to the sponsors that he or she is worthy of it. It also gives directions on how to go about it.
“Met my hero” is another piece found on this part and that explains how the author met his hero, Alexander the great. He terms this hero as a genius and charismatic. He also highlights some of Alexander’s achievements. He also describes his meeting with Wendy Simpson in Texas, a girl who murdered her drunk father. In the articles that follow, messages from different people appear. For example, a person claiming to have been a captain in the army and having heart and ptsd problems. He lost a lot of soldiers that he cared about.
Martin Buma contacts someone requesting the person to cooperate in transferring ownership of a huge sum of money left in his bank by a man who died recently and who had no next of kin. Then there is this lady who wants to donate money to charity, but she cannot trust relatives and so she is seeking help. Another letter is addressed to a man by a lady who addresses concerns about aborting. Seems the boyfriend wants her to abort, but the lady is scared of the procedures and has vowed never to abort. However, she still has concerns for her lover, and never wants to do things behind his back.
There is this reply to a person who contacted Ashley in regards to bulldog babies. The dogs are being given out for adoption because they need to be cared for. Ashley seeks the address of the person for purposes of making delivery. Another reply is written expressing that they are not for sale and the transfer is not commercial, but concerns about the safety and wellbeing of the dogs. Then there is a description of how they will be shipped.
GET A BOOK REVIEW ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Part four begins with a phone call conversation written in a poetic manner. Here, the author tells us to ignore grammar and punctuation, even spelling. There follows what I can describe as a poem about the writer finding himself in a forest with masked people. Another of these articles describes how a girl with cancer that has eaten her liver, but she still thanks her maker, and how he is planning to build his own house. Maverick N word describes how he found God. He introduces himself as an airborne paratrooper, and he wants to clarify on how he found God. He expresses that the life of a person who does not believe in anything is a very lonely one and over time, such a person will drive himself or herself insane. It would be very tragic if a person would not look to the heavens for assistance anytime issues arise in life. He goes on to explain how God never let him despite all his flaws and actions. It is not that he found God, but God never left him. There follows an exchange of letter between two people on the issue of some payment, and one of a man writing to his wife or ex-wife about filing a divorce.
A lady also writes to drew about the challenges she is going through. She is pregnant and the boyfriend is becoming increasingly abusive. She does not live with her parents, but with the parents of the boyfriend and she is struggling to find a job, a car and a space of her own. Then there is this question, “so exactly what’s your situation right now?” (Kindle Location 1704). Another one has been sick, but does not want to stay with the mum and is no longer moving to Houston. Another one changed from getting paid twice a month to once in a month, but has realized that things have not gone as expected. The person is currently mending things up. Drew is really getting a lot of notices from a lover, one indicating that she is fixing problems, another telling how she tried to call a few times with no answer, and another notifying him of an email sent earlier. There is also a letter addressed to a lover by a soldier saying that the arm has not decided yet where to send them, but he has three possibilities. It is like a goodbye since he will be gone for 120 days. Other such letters are scattered all over the remaining pages of the part four of the book.
Part five is titled ‘The Definition of Honor and Random Poetic Stenza’ and it is a collection of poems written at different dates and different times. The first one describes a path with a small fallen tree. The persona then digs a deeper hole and raised the tree again. The next one is when a brick wall comes upon the chest of the persona and the other side of the brick is his home, but the persona realizes he is not yet ready to be home. Another says that he just kissed the sky and seeks some time to testify. He asks himself what is the secret behind his success in getting that far and replies to himself that one needs to stop trying philosophy and to acknowledge that one is only human not supposed to fly. The stanzas continue randomly in the sense that they are not in any order.
There follows a testimony of a person trying to fast, pray, and figure out what his calling was in serving and showing who God was in his life. He has been through seven years of pain since he was diagnosed with Scerloderma at the age of seven. He testifies that God was present through this time, showed him who He was and is in his life. Through His power of healing, the physical pain subsided. The story does not go for long and the author of the book cuts it shot citing ‘bullshit.’
There follows an address made to a student who is given a favor of enrolling after the expiry of the deadline. The letter intends to address the concerns of the things that need to be followed and the class requirements. Among these are the syllabus, participation and class attendance. The expectations for a successful completion of the course are then outlined. The person addressed replies and cites that he does not see any favor that has been done to him and in a rude tone. The person goes further to put it that he is not the child of that teacher and so the teacher should never again scold him in front of the class for something that the teacher could not even properly explain. Whatever the teacher has to say to him is no businesses of anyone in the class. He explains that he was late to school due to an accident he had.
Part six of the book also has a story to tell. The author introduces the part by telling us that he I about read an extremely long sentence and think about the consciousness of the words’ potential harm to the human race. He shares his belief that the inner workings of the universe are connected to one another- that is, from the tiniest micron to the mightiest atom. He then quotes Shakespeare where he says that there are more things on earth and in heaven than what we dream of in our philosophy. He goes further to express his opinions about various things. He believes that there is nothing like fear. A door serves two purposes- that is, it is either you are exiting or you are entering. The door is a false sense of security since it does not stop the world from coming in nor does it stop one from going out to conquer the world. People live under assumptions. For example, they assume they understand what they see, they assume that they have grasped the reality, and they assume that they understand how things will play out.
There follows a story of a black soldier who was sexually assaulted by four soldiers who were white. The same person met a girl while on a mission in Iraq and fell in love with the desire to rescue the girl. He reasoned that if he were not to care for himself, then he should care for someone else. He realized whenever he tried to save others, he never tries to save himself. Selflessness. The story continues to tell of selflessness on his part. Poems and letters follow. One poem is about how amazing free will is, and it asks how free the reader is and where his or her freedom went.
The article Gertrude by Herman Hesse talks about how people live. There is a rhetorical question that asks why do people rise in the morning, eat, drink, and sleep again. This applies to everyone, the savage, child, young, healthy, and old. When people get satisfied with the things of life, they tend to relax and do not want things to change. In other words, there is no motivation to do things, to think, and to try new things. The article that follows is about love and its nature. When people think of love, some special people come to their minds. There follows another one that defines an unsound mind. A person is said to be of unsound mind if he or she cannot manage himself or his affairs.
Part seven is titled the madman’s bible, and some of the letters or notes that appear here are dated in the future. The first is dated 05/23/2018, a letter that informs a lover that the sender will be out of touch for some time. Another is dated 2045 asking about holiday plans. Apart from these written before time, other are dated long time ago, over two centuries ago. An example of these is one dates 1818. There are also recent ones written some few years ago. A letter from Allan dated 2012 welcomes a brother. 
BOOK ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE
    This section will seek to answer various question in an attempt to analyze and criticize the book. The following will be an analysis of the target audience where there will be determined who were targeted to read this book. The choice of the audience and how they are addressed will also be looked at and how effectively they are addressed. The author’s message to the targeted audience will also be analyzed. Considering that the book contains the author’s biography and it touches on the lives of some other people in the stories, notices, mails, and letters therein, it would apply that the key message is found in all or some of these aspects of the book. Afterwards, this review will highlight the current thinking on the topic and what other authors are reasoning as compared to what Maverick is saying in his book.
The audience
So, who are the targeted audiences? Books are often written for a variety of audiences. There are also other addressed to specific audiences. Considering that the author of this book is a soldier and expresses the challenges of his life as a soldier, it would not be wrong to suggest that the soldiers are a target audience. The author may have intended that fellow soldiers get to know what he was going through and maybe see if they too can share their experiences freely. It is known that soldiers often live an enclosed life-that is, rarely do they have the chance to tell their stories. The lives of the soldiers and their experiences in the battlefields are in most cases expressed through media like films and cinemas, and these are often fiction. However, a soldier telling his story is a rare circumstance.
The general public may also be considered as a target audience for the book. The primary reason for this is that apart from sharing own stories with fellow soldiers, the author would have wanted also to tell relatives and everyone else to get a glimpse of what being a soldier is like. The author would have intended to tell his story to the world so that the world can know that being a soldier is not the best thing that one can choose, and that in most cases, lack of anything else or anywhere else to go may be the reason for joining the military. For the youth who may believe that being a soldier would earn you respect, the author would want to show them what one has to go through and what is there to expect once one made that decision. More so, his message of no-regard to religion and emotions would be intended not for a specific group, but for everyone who decided to read the book.
The message of the book
The message from the author is that people live in a world full of challenges regardless of whatever they do, the world will always be unfair to them. From his own life, the readers can indeed establish that life is unfair to everyone even though in different measures. A soldier would be deemed as a strong person who if fearless and who is willing to face whatever danger that comes his way. Even though, the same soldier may reach a point of giving up in life and even contemplate committing suicide. From youth to adulthood, there is not time one finds adequate peace since the world and its injustices are always close by seeking to devour and make life miserable.
    The author intends to reason with the readers showing them that there is no need for believing in anything or any religion or any supernatural being because that will only mean more trouble. By believing in religion, people will only be seeking more trouble because religion is not capable of eliminating any problem. Instead, the religion will only suppress the problem. The author gives an example of Buddhism where people are taught to meditate and seek inner peace after which the problems will disappear. In Christianity, people are taught that the problems that they face in life are intended for them mostly as a test of their faith. In that case, the author wonders how could a seek person find the strength to thank God while she is ill. Christians also believe in healing through faith, but the author does not want to view things in a religious perspective. As quoted earlier on, the author seems not to believe in the existence of God. That is when he says that God is whomever people wish Him to be, it is that memory that people keep in their mind to warm them in times of cold, to comfort them I times of darkness, and to speak lovingly to them lovingly when all is silent.
In the preface, the author expresses his concerns about the need for emotions and the reason why people really need emotions. As mentioned earlier, his reasoning was inspired by the book called Hope that talked of a world where people lived without emotions. Considering the tone that the author used, one could tell that it is obvious the author buys the idea of a world without emotions. There is indeed a link between the ideas of a world without emotion and one where people do not believe in any supernatural being or do not go by any religion. The author was comparing his own world where people chose reasoning and logic over emotion and that world where are eliminated. How would the society be? How would people be making decisions? In the normal world, people do rely on their reasoning and logic. Rarely do they give a chance to their emotions to guide decision-making. Convinced that life would be better for people in the absence of emotions, the author then could not hesitate to conclude that the emotions are the main ingredients in human aggression and that emotions are responsible for intolerance. The human species should as well get rid of their emotions if their lives were to be simpler and better.
In the part one of the book, the author has tried to explain his life and the actions that he took. How do these relate to the topic of emotions? It can be inferred from the stories that the emotions were driving the author and often he found himself in a worse situation because of acting as his emotions directed him. The decisions that he made following his emotions were not the best that he could do, and there are also instances where he refused to follow his emotions completely. For example, the second part of the book gives a story of how he was sexually assaulted by soldiers he thought were of the same rank as he. He was hurt both physically and emotionally and the best thing he thought was to commit suicide. He was reasoning emotionally. Secondly, he contemplated revenge and were it not that he could not find the men who hurt him, he would have either killed them, opened fire to them of which they would return fire, or he would have had himself killed trying to face the four men alone. Indeed, emotions make people increasingly intolerable. Another way of looking at this is on the perspective of the assaulters. They assaulted him because they were hurt by his greetings that most probably they interpreted as an insult. If there were no emotions, they would have tolerated that and moved on as if nothing had happened and the man could have been left unhurt. They too acted emotionally or were driven by emotions. If that is what emotions make people to do, why then can people not eliminate emotions? So, the definitive question suggested by the author is not about how a society would look without emotions, but who would people become without the emotions. There is a lot that the book suggests.
The author also intends to show the readers how he himself has been ‘deprived of the emotions’ by the world. For one, the author has lived with a single mother and with whom he did not have enough time to interact. Children develop emotionally when they interact with the people bringing them up, and the nature of the interaction determines the nature of the emotions. As such, a child who has not had adequate interaction with the mother would be expected to have emotional challenges. The author has indicated that the mother was always working to feed, clothe and house him, a job that he says to have been for two people. This is to insinuate that his mother had no time for him as she was working for long hours in a day. He also tells the readers that he has been affected emotionally. In school, he was not the brightest of the students, and the teacher would scold him in the presence of the whole class. Why? Even he himself could not tell why and he indeed wondered what his issues had to do with the rest of the class. It can be summed up that his life was full of emotional challenges.
Reading the entire book will reveal that it was not only the author who has had emotional challenges in life. We can tell that his mother was also experiencing emotional challenges, especially after conceiving at a very young age and being kicked out of the home by the father. Among the many letters and emails, there is one of a woman who has some health problems and who has lost faith in the relatives because they do not want her to donate money to charity. The lady is seeking someone trustworthy who will facilitate the transfer of the finances. There is also another lady who just got pregnant, but the boyfriend has become abusive. The pregnant lady is struggling to get means of providing for herself- that is, she wants a car and a house for her own now. There is another pregnant lady who is choosing whether or not to abort because the boyfriend may have suggested that. She, however, is vowing never to abort yet she wants to do things that would please her boyfriend. In short, the whole book is comprised of stories with pope suffering emotionally. Without emotion, who would suffer as such?
GET A BOOK REVIEW ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 The scope of the thesis
Second language acquisition can be simply termed as the process of acquiring or learning a second language. As a discipline, second language acquisition (SLA) discusses that process of acquiring a second language. There are various theories that try to explain the course of acquiring a second language. The goal of this paper id to analyze three of these theories- that is, usage-based theories, universal grammar-based theory, and processability theory.
Persian L1 speakers, just like any other second language learners, do have a problem in acquiring the English article system. Indeed, it can be generalized that any second language learner will experience some difficulties of differing magnitudes in learning different aspects of a second language. Among the problems is attempting to borrow some constructs from the first language, primarily because a sentence constructed in the first language then directly translated into a second language may give a new sentence or even a new meaning altogether.
The chapter contains several sections. Section 1.2 will discuss the theories of SLA mentioned above, 1.3 will discuss The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, 1.4 about error analysis, and 1.5 will discuss The Fluctuation Hypothesis. Section 1.6 will talk about The Article Choice Parameter, and lastly, 1.7 will be Summary and Outlook- the structure of the thesis.
1.2 Theories of second language acquisition
This section contains a discussion of some currently prominent theories of second language acquisition, Universal Grammar-based theories, Usage-based theories and Processability theory.
1.2.1 Linguistic Theory/Universal Grammar-based theories
Chomsky’s (1986) Universal Grammar Theory (henceforth UG) explicitly aims to account for how human language acquisition is determined by innate factors, developing the idea that all human beings are born with a comprehensive set of principles and constraints that control the shape that human languages can take. A comparison of various languages reveals that the differences between them can be quite dramatic or subtle and yet significant. In order to explain what is really happening with UG and how human have different languages he provided two concepts: First, the principles concept in which languages differ in restricted ways. For instance, by comparing all the languages in the world, one can discover that there is something which linguists call “structure dependency” and it concerns that all languages have utterances that consist of Noun Phrases (henceforth NP) and Verb Phrases (henceforth VP). Second, the concept of parameters, which indicates languages are different. For instance, the head parameter determines if a language will be right-branching or left-branching. This is how languages become different. As an instance, English is a right-branching language. That is, sentence builds to the right direction, e.g., “Jimbo eats an apple.” Whereas, in Japanese sentences are constructed in reverse order and they would say, “Jimbo an apple eats (ジンボはリンゴを食べる。
じんぼはりんごをたべる。) But, the question is how UG explains this. The answer to this lies in the fact that the human brain has ‘structure dependency’ that develops since childhood when the person begins to receive input from their parents. The brain identifies the language that a child receiving input from is right-branching or left-branching language. That is, the brain knows how to build a sentence. Thus, the idea of UG is that all these universal principles are innate language acquisition devices built into our brains. Also, these parameters are similar to switches in the brain and as a child receive input, and then the brain knows which way to set them.
According to VanPatten and Williams (2014) (henceforth VW), Generative Linguistic Theory is related to the study of how it is possible for the L1 learners to obtain linguistics competence. Also, generative linguistics is the study of the innate capacities which reminds us of the theory that is referred to as an approach to linguistics. As mentioned earlier, the behaviorists suppose that the learning language involves habit formation. In that approach, learning a language is concerning habit formation, and it’s a stimulus response type of relationship. That is, when a child or a person has access to a fair amount of input, negative and positive strengthening then they will emulate and acquire the L1 or L2 they are attempting to acquire. This is the behaviorists’ kind of approach. But Chomsky (1986) challenged Skinners’ (1957) approach to acquisition of L1 by suggesting that, acquiring a language is not a stimulus type of relationship and in fact, by monitoring children he noticed that they were continuously showed new ways of saying utterances and actually by correcting a child several times they kept saying the sentence in a wrong way even though they have never heard anyone to pronounce or say it inaccurately before. The language and not responding to the correction indicates that behavioral strategy is not quite sufficient. These children will acquire the basic structure as their L1 language, and it looks as if something in their brain helps them to do that. Hence, as children acquire their L1 the language expands in an organized way and that language developing called interlanguage. The term “interlanguage” is mental understanding of how language functions. As a matter of fact, interlanguage is a theory of how the grammar of a language works. 
1.2.2 Usage-based theories
The usage-based theories, as discussed by Ellis and Wulff (2014, pp. 75-93), are among the approaches that tend to fulfill two working hypothesis:
 Language learning is majorly based on the exposure of the learners to the second language in use- that is, the input received.
Learners tend to induce the rules of their second language from the input often by employing the cognitive mechanisms that are not exclusive to learning of language, but are general to the cognitive mechanisms in any king of learning.
The authors, as such, focus on some major constructs of the usage-based approaches to the second language acquisition. One of these constructs is constructions that posit that learning of language entails learning of constructions, pairings of form and meaning or function. The construction may be simple morphemes like the ¬–ing of complex ones and abstract syntactic frames like the Verb-Object-Object. The second construct is the associative language learning that holds that the learning of constructs entails learning the association between the form and meaning, or function (Ellis & Wulff, 2014, pp. 75-93). Where this association is more reliable, it becomes easier to learn.
Rational cognitive processing posits that language learning is rational such that the learners’ knowledge of a particular form-meaning pair- that is, at any point in their language development reflects how often and the specific context that the learners have encountered the form-meaning pair. Exemplar-based learning implies that learning of language is largely implicit in that it takes place without the learner’s being conscious awareness. The brain of the learner tends to engage in simple learning mechanisms in the distributional analyzes of the exemplars of a particular form-meaning pair that take into consideration the different characteristics of that exemplar. These considerations include the frequency, king of words and phrases, and the larger contexts that it occurs with (Ellis & Wulff, 2014, pp. 75-93). Lastly, the Emergent Relations and Patterns is a construct that implies that language learning tends to be a gradual process where language emerges as a complex and adaptive system from the interaction between the simple cognitive learning mechanisms and the input.
GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM
The authors also highlight some of the misunderstandings of the theory, and these include that the connectionism is the new behaviorism. This is to say that the connectionist models cannot explain creativity, and they have no regard for internal representation; and that the cognitive approaches deny the influence of the social factors and motivational aspects, as well as other individual differences between the learners.
1.2.3 Processability Theory
Another SL development theory is the processability theory that lies within the logic that at whichever stage of L2 development the L2 acquirer can produce and understand only those second language linguistic forms that the prevailing language processor state can handle (Pienemann & Lenzing, 2014, pp. 159-179). It becomes, therefore, obligatory to comprehend the structure of language processor and how it handles L2. Kempen and Hoenkamp (1987) and Merrill Garrett (1982) are some of the works that give a description of the processability theory, but these have been overlapped by Levelt (1989) that rest on the following premises:
The processing components tend to operate largely spontaneously and they are not controlled consciously.
The processing is often incremental in that the learner can start to produce an utterance without having planned for it.
The processor output tend to be linear although it may not be charted onto the basic meaning in a linear manner.
 Lastly, the grammatical processing tends to have access to a short time memory storage that holds information pertaining to grammar.
The authors describe the processability hierarchy where, according to them, it is founded on the conception of the handover of grammatical information between and within the phrases in a sentence. The original processability hierarchy as advocated by Pienemann (1998) had the following overview:
No procedure, for example, producing a simple word like ‘yes.'
Procedures of category
Procedures of noun phrase
 Procedure of verb phrase
Procedure of sentence
Procedure of subordinate clause
The basis hypothesis in processability theory is that the L2ers improve their grammatical record following the processability hierarchy and there are two reasons for this:
The hierarchy is ordered implicationally; every procedure tends to be a vital precondition for the following procedure.
The hierarchy tends to mirror the time-course in the generation of language.
The L2er is left with no choice, therefore, but to develop along the hierarchy (Pienemann & Lenzing, 2014, pp. 159-179). More so, the phrases cannot be pulled together without assigning the words to various categories like ‘verb’ or ‘noun’, and the same applies to sentences; they cannot be pulled together without the phrases contained therein.
1.2 The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (henceforth CAH) claims that the similarities between L1 and L2 pave the way for the learners to learn L2 much easier. However, differences between the two languages make the acquisition process of L2 language difficult. Although CAH seems to be able to explain some language learning problems, it still does not true to this day. For instance, in spite of what the L1 is, L2 learners will learn certain simple grammatical elements in the same order. In addition, when L2 learners make mistakes in their utterances those mistakes cannot always be traced back to their L1 language. It becomes visible that in due course learners are able to identify similarities and differences after they have learned enough amount of the L2. Therefore, they are able to use their cognitive abilities to accept or reject patterns. Thus, CAH is of vital importance for intermediate and proficiency levels than for beginners. In the following section the error analysis will be introduced.
According to Byung-gon (1992, pp. 133-149), the contrastive hypothesis posits that the L1 structure affects the L2acquisition. While the term ‘contrastive hypothesis’ is used to refer to the theory itself, the term ‘contrastive analysis hypothesis’ tend to emphasize on both the theory and the method simultaneously. The linguistic model of CAH is structuralism in that it assumes the presence of a finite strugure of a particular language than can be documented, as well as be compared with another language. Byung-gon (1992, pp. 133-149) also describes three different versions of CAH, and these are strong, weak, and moderate version.
1.3. The Error Analysis
The Error Analysis (henceforth EA) was first applied by Corder (1967) and was intended to describe that the errors of learners are significant to be studied in order to improve and moderate errors. EA in comparison with the CAH has one difference. That is, error analysis does not foresee errors, but instead it looks at the mistakes that learners are making and it tries to give explanation why the learners are making these mistakes. Therefore, scholars believe that the EA gives way for the positive changes in language acquisition and it led to a change from correcting errors to improving and reducing them. This is summarized by Magnan (1983) in the following words:
“…we now view language learning as a series of stages or interlanguages, and errors as positive evidence that learners are experimenting with linguistic rules in order to progress from one interlanguage stage to the next” (p. 383)
According to Khansir (2012, pp. 1027-1032), errors form an integral part of learning language. A learner learning the English language as an L2 is often unaware that there exists a given system or rule in the English language. As such, the primaryrole of error analysis is to give a description of how learning takes place often by examining the output of the learner that may include both correct and incorrect utterances (Khansir, 2012). The Error Analysis cannot be studied alone and it is often studied alongside the CAH. Below are the words of Corder (1967):
“A leaner's errors then, provide evidence of the system of the language that he is using...they are significant in three different ways. First to the teacher, in that they tell him, if he undertakes a systematic analysis, how far towards the goal the leaner has progressed...Second, they provide the researchers with evidence of how language is leaned or acquired...Thirdly they are indispensable to the leaner himself because he can regard the making of error as a device used in order to learn.”
1.4 The Fluctuation Hypothesis
The Fluctuation Hypothesis (henceforth FH) was coined by Ionin (2003) and was intended to address article overuse in L2 acquisition. It stated that L2 learners’ errors in their article choice swung between the definite and the indefinite [indefinite-non-specific] and [indefinite-specific] contexts. The FH was acknowledged by L2 learners with no article systems in their L1 languages e.g., Russian and Korean. In fact, Ionin (2003: 23) addressed that the parameter settings which do not exist in L1 and L2 were accessible for L2 learners, as Broselow and Finer (1986) showed. Also, L2 learners’ behavior proposed that their parameter setting choice sometimes fluctuate. That is, sometimes they adopted one of the settings and sometimes another.
The Fluctuation Hypothesis assumes that the L2 learners do have a full access the Universal Grammar (UG) properties that include those that are not instantiated in their first language grammars. This is indeed contrary to Hawkins and Chan (1997) Failed Functional Feature Hypothesis currently being used as Representational Deficit Hypothesis (Hawkins and Francheschina (2004) that proposes that learners fail to acquire uninterpretable features if they are not in their L1.
1.5 The Article Choice Parameter
This thesis proposes that n English articles can mark definiteness or specificity cross-linguistically. Specificity can be defined as the speaker’s intention to refer to a particular entity, whereas definiteness refers to the entity which is familiar, know to the speaker and the hearer. A definite noun takes the definite article (i.e., the), while indefinite noun refers to an entity which is unfamiliar, new or it is not identified by the hearer can take the indefinite article (i.e., a/an) in singular and zero article in plural. The article choice system in English is complex. Therefore, article rules cannot be summarized as simple rules. This complexity makes it more difficult for L2 learners to mark the definiteness or specificity during the acquisition process of article system in English. Another complexity in the acquisition of the English article system is that different languages have different article systems. Some languages e.g. Persian has a system with two indefinite articles, a definite object marker and plural marker, while English has both a definite and an indefinite article. The Article Choice Parameter (henceforth ACP) rests on the facts that some languages distinguish between definite and indefinites, whereas other languages distinguish between specific and non-specific. The Persian language which makes use of the specific feature is one of the examples for this.
Various studies have been done on this topic, but each study with different outcomes. While some of the studies hold on to the belief that the L2ers do not have complete access to Universal Grammar, other hold onto the belief that the L2 learners have complete access to the UG. Bley-Vroman’s (1990) is one of the linguists that believe that the learners does not have a complete access to UG, Ionin (2003) believes in the contrary. In the full-access-full transfer-hypothesis as in (Schwartz & Sprouse 1994, 1996), the L2 learners allocate their first language grammar in the initial state of acquisition of second language, but their interlanguage is often categorized in terms of UG constraints different from those in first language. In case of full-access and no-transfer, the preliminary state of L2 is not the first language. Ionin uses her studies on the Russians and Koreans to prove that the learners do have complete access to the UG. Most importantly, she indicates that these acquirers without articles in their first language will oscillate between two constraints in their article choice in the English language.  These will be the definiteness parameter that is present in the L2 grammar and the specificity parameters.
GET A SIMILAR PAPER ON; TALENTEDESSAYWRITERS.COM